Narrative text menyajikan peristiwa (events) dan pelaku cerita (participants / characters) yang disusun dengan pola setting tempat dan waktu ( time and place order). Namun demikian, narrative text dibedakan dengan recount text. Dimana kalau recount hanya memaparkan peristiwa per peristiwa (event per event) yang dialami oleh pelaku cerita akan tetapi narrative text memasukkan sebuah permasalahan (complication) dalam peristiwa yang dialami oleh para pelaku tersebut.
Tujuan utama narrative text adalah menyampaikan cerita untuk menghibur pembacanya. Disamping itu, narrative text juga bertujuan untuk mengajarkan nilai-nilai moral tertentu. Ini dimaksudkan untuk merubah prilaku pembacanya
Jenis Teks Narrative
Karena narrative text ini mempunyai inti cerita. Maka dikenal ada beberpa jenis narrative. Cerita dalam narrative bisa hanya imajinasi penulis, atau kejadian nyata yang ditangkap oleh penulis. Pun cerita narrativ bisa berupa gabungan keduanya. Dalam berbagai sumber, narrative text bisa ditemui dalam bentuk-bentuk fairy stories (cerita yang besifat fantastik, penuh dengan keajaiban), mysteries, science fiction, romances, horror stories, adventure stories, fables (cerita tentang binatang yang digambarkan berprilaku seperti manusia), myths atau legends (legenda dan mitos), historical narratives ( cerita sejarah), ballads (balada, kisah yang mengharubirukan pembaca, umumnya cerita cinta yang tak sampai), dan juga personal experience (pengalam pribadi yang ditulis)
Struktur Narrative Text
Pada teks-teks berbentuk narrative umunya ditemui susunan organisasi penulisan sebagai berikut:
1. Orientation: Apa sebenaranya orientasi (orientation) itu. Dalam kegiatan sehari hari kita pasti sering mendengar, membicarakn, bahkan melakuan kgiataan yang dilafalkan dengan kata "orientasi". Misalnya ada Masa Orientasi siswa Baru" Apa hal yang paling mendasar dari kegiatan orientasi tersebut? Tidak lain adalah "pengenalan" tentang sekolah baru, guru baru, wawasan dan cara belajar baru. Begitu juga dengan halnya dengan Orientasi pada narrative text. Paragraf yang menjadi Orientasi mempunyai tugas menyampaikan kepada pembaca akan hal hal pertama yang perlu diketahui oleh pembaca. Informasi dalam Oientasi ini meliputi What is the story about(ini tentang cerita apa), Who is the participant? ( siapa pelaku dalam cerita itu), Where is the place setting? (dimana cerita itu terjadi), dan When is the time setting (kapan cerita itu terjadi).
2. Complication atau Problem: Paragraf inilah yang menjadi inti dari narrative text. Tanpa adanya complikasi atau permasalahan, Text itu hanyalah paparan peristiwa satu diikuti peristiwa yang lain. Komplikasi atau masalah atau konflik dalam Literary Stydy biasanya dibedakan menjadi 3 macam
a. Natural conflict: Permasalahan yang timbul karena pelaku cerita berhadapan dengan kekuatan alam
b. Social conflict: Permasalahan yang timbul karena para pelaku itu saling berhadapan. Mereka betemu dalam ruang dan waktu yang sama tetapi mempunyai kepentingan (interest) yang berbeda.
c. Psychological conflict: Permasalahan yang tibul ketika pelaku cerita itu berhadapan dengan diri nya sendiri. Pertentangan antara nilai baik dan buruk, antara sifat rakus dang tenggan rasa, dll
Resolution: Kebanyakn dalam narrative klasik, permasalahan tidak boleh menggantung. Harus ada penyelesaian nya. Komplikasi bisa ditutup dengan paragrap yang menyenangkan (happy ending) kadang tidak jarang konflik itu berakhir tragis (sad ending)
Contoh Teks Narrative :
contoh I :
Snow White
Once upon a time there lived a little, named Snow White. She lived with her aunt and uncle because her parents were died.
One day she heard her aunt and uncle talking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they wanted to go to America and they didn’t have enough money to take Snow White with them.
Snow White didn’t want her uncle and aunt to do this. So she decided to run away. The next morning she run away from home when her aunt and uncle were having breakfast, she run away into the wood.
In the wood she felt very tired and hungry. Then she saw this cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside and felt asleep
Meanwhile seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside. There, they found Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said; “What is your name?”. Snow White said; “My name is Snow White”. One of the dwarfs said; “If you wish, you may live here with us”. Snow White told the whole story about her. Then Snow white ad the seven dwarfs lived happily ever after.
contoh 2 :
The Bear and Rabbit
Once upon a time, there lived a bear and a rabbit. The rabbit is a good shot. In contrary, the bear is always clumsy and could not use the arrow.
One day, the bear called over the rabbit and asked the rabbit to take his bow and arrows.
The rabbit was fearing to arouse the bear's anger so he could not refuse it. He went with the bear and shot enough buffalo to satisfy the hungry family. Indeed he shot and killed so many that there were lots of meats left after.
However the bear did not want the rabbit to get any of the meat. The rabbit could not even taste the meat. The poor rabbit would have to go home hungry after his hard day's work.
The bear was the father of five children. Fortunately, the youngest child was very kind to the rabbit. He was very hearty eater. The mother bear always gave him an extra large piece of meat but the youngest child did not eat it. He would take it outside with him and pretended to play ball with the meat. He kicked toward the rabbit's house.When he got close to the door he would give the meat with such a great kick. The meat would fly into the rabbit's house. In this way, the poor rabbit would get his meal.contoh 3 :
The Legend of Toba Lake
Once upon time, there was a handsome man. His name was Batara Guru Sahala. He liked fishing. One day, he caught a fish. He was surprised to find out that the fish could talk. The fish begged him to set it free.
Batara Guru could not bear it. He made the fish free. As soon as it was free, the fish changed into a very beautiful woman. She attracted Batara Guru so much. He felt in love with that fish-woman. The woman wanted to marry with him and said that Batara Guru had to keep the secret which she had been a fish. Batara Guru aggreed and promised that he would never tell anybody about it.
They were married happily. They had two daughters. One day Batara Guru got very angry with his daughter. He could not control his mad. He shouted angrily and got the word of fish to his daugters. The daughters were crying. They found their mother and talked her about it.
The mother was very annoyed. Batara Guru broke his promise. The mother was shouting angrily. Then the earth began to shake. Volcanoes started to erupt. The earth formed a very big hole. People believed that the big hole became a lake. Then this lake is known as Toba lake.
contoh 4 :
The Monkey and The Crocodile
One day there was a monkey. He wanted to cross a river. There he saw a crocodile so he asked the crocodile to take him across the other side of the river. The crocodile agree and told the monkey to jump on its back. Then the crocodile swam down the river with the monkey on his top.
Unluckily, the crocodile was very hungry, he stopped in the middle of the river and said to the monkey, “My father is very sick. He has to eat the heart of the monkey. So he will be healthy again.”
At the time, the monkey was in dangerous situation and he had to think hard. Then he had a good idea. He told the crocodile to swim back to the river bank. “What’s for?” asked the crocodile. “Because I don’t bring my heart,” said the monkey. “I left it under a tree, near some coconuts in the river bank.”
The crocodile agreed and turned around. He swam back to the bank of the river. As soon as they reached the river bank, the monkey jumped off the crocodile’s back. Then he climbed up to the top of a tree.
“Where is your heart?” asked the crocodile. “You are foolish,” said the monkey to the crocodile. “Now I am free and I have my heart.
Sekian...salam my dear students, smansana lovers..........!!!( ramadhan 1434 H/ 2013 )
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar